Design Concepts in Architecture

Design Concepts in Architecture Design is the most basic human creative activity. One could argue that Palaeolithic cave drawings were based on this fundamental human creative need. The word design derives from the Italian word disegno, meaning drawing of a work. Many confuse the notion of Design to Art. Design can well be seen in art, but as an independent subject it must be considered as entirely different. One of the first to distinguish this difference, were several British design historians, dating from 1977. Design can be seen and experienced everywhere. Design can be a development progress or an object. Definition for the word design given by designer Richard Seymour is making things better for people. ¹ Design expands so vastly, It can be seen in furniture, advertising, machinery, books, media, fashion, computers, food and in many other fields. Design nowadays is a subject of university study, such as graphic design and industrial design etc. It has always been accepted that anyone who created something, or made something look good, aesthetic or beautiful could be considered a designer. Even though most people believe that a good design is one that looks beautiful, this is not always the case. A good design is one which focuses mainly upon its intended function. A successful design is one that completely fulfils the needs of its intended purpose, Form Follows Function. A designer must be able to meet several points: aesthetical, artistic, theoretical, mechanical, organizational and functional. The word design holds much meaning and design paradoxes are endless, it would therefore be impossible to analyse them all. The focus of this review essay is the architectural area of design. In early 1937, Czech philosopher, Jan Mukarovsky developed a model of five functions for architecture: the immediate, the historical, the personal, the social and the aesthetic. In the arena of Art and Architecture, Design is a basic principle that must be carried out through every piece of work. In this respect, design is an idea, a concept, which is transferred from the individuals mind on to canvas, paper, blue print etc. In England (16th century) the term design was used under the sense of plan from which something is to be madea drawn sketch for an artwork, but also s Bernhard Burdek said: an object of applied arts; Design can be anything that stings ones imagination. Italian designer Giorgio Giugiano says: there is nothing without design. As the 20th century approached new attitudes in Art made their appearance. New styles were discovered by different artistic experiments such as Art Nouveau, Arts and Crafts Art Deco. These artistic trends and movements would encompass the styles referred to as the isms of the period, for example; Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and others. Some of these aforementioned areas had an impact in Architecture, but it must be noted that the Architectural field consisted of its own movements which rose within these decades. Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Renaissance architects and artists would combine their knowledge in order to produce a building design which combined and encompassed both the beauty of Art, but also the power and discipline of Architecture. The roots of Modern Art dates back to the 19th century. Artists were experimenting with their paintings and sculptures in order to find something different, something that could express better what the painter, sculptor saw or felt, but at the same time enabling the observer to experience the artwork himself through his personal emotions. Areas of the Modern Art movement will be further analysed in the forthcoming paragraphs and their connection with the architectural styles which were popular at that time. Even though the modern era in architecture consists of several other movements (Usonianism, Constructivism, Purism etc), the purpose of this review is to analyze the influences that Art had on Architecture during the 20th century. Within the first decade of the 20th century, the first movement in Modern Art, to make its appearance was Expressionism. Painters such as Vincent van Gogh would flatten their paintings using lines, exaggerating certain fragments of the painting, either by using bright colours or by just the simple and minimal black and white. This simplified way of painting would usually portray sceneries focusing not on the beauty as the public was use to, but the suffering, poverty and violence were the notions presented. Parallel to Expressionism in Art, Expressionist Architecture started to develop. Most examples Can be found in Germany and a few other European countries. Similarly to artists trying to picture the cold truth of a humans life without any essence of beauty, leading architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropins and Hans Poelzig developed poetical and dramatic designs influenced by natural forms which consisted of unusual shapes and massing. Manmade materials, such as, brick, steel, concrete and most importantly glass were key characteristics to this architectural style. In the lithograph on the left, Scream, also known as Shouting, the notion of sadness , fear or even death have been pictured; the print consists only of lines, which all lead to the centre of the picture, to the most important part, the screaming figure. The facial characteristics of the human head are very minimal, and may remind one of a caricature or a cartoon; even though the face is some what destroyed the person shouting, holding his head, with wide open eyes and mouth, gives one the impression of fear; as if he was facing something that scared him. The figure itself is very thin , the minimal appearance of clothing and the skinny face, may be thought to be either an old woman or man, facing the time of death. One of the buildings which has been placed under the title of Expressionist Architecture, is Hans Poelzigs exhibition space and water tower building. This extraordinary design of its time, is located in the city of Poznan, in Poland and was completed in 1991. Throughout the building it is difficult to find any straight lines; curves and flowing shapes are what make up the Einstein Tower. It looks more like a poetic and romantic sculpture than a building for such a specific use. The steps leading up to the entrance, through the body of the building with its dome like roof, reminds one of a naturally occurring organism such as a plant or an undersea creature. In France, during the period 1907 to 1914, the leaders Picasso and Braque developed the movement of Cubism, which largely differs from Expressionism. Analytical Cubism, focused on two-dimensional, flat paintings which would picture an object by breaking it down into shapes. Lines, geometric forms and bright colours were a necessary characteristic. Synthetic Cubism derived from the method of Collage, synthesising, combining painting, incorporating pictures from magazine advertisements, cuttings and clippings of different materials to generate a complete piece of artwork. As previously mentioned, Cubism was strongly associated with two-dimensional portraying. This motif in art also had an influence on architecture. Well analysed and synthesized architectural spaces, would remain in the usual two dimensions; architectural representations were based on the artistic era of the time. Closely related to Cubism is Abstract Art. Artwork now is not a matter of copying what appeared in front of ones eyes, but something that one may call a piece of decoration. What the artist feels becomes art. During the First World War, a group of young artists, named Dada, made their presence. They found a way to express their protest to the war, through their abstract painting. Picassos Violin, appears to be very confusing. By its title, one becomes familiar with what is portrayed. The painting illustrates a destroyed musical instrument, broken/cut into pieces. With its curved shapes and brown colours it is easily understood. But what is fascinating about this piece of artwork is the way the artist has shaded each part of the violin, giving it a special significance. Even though the painting is portrayed on a canvas (two dimensional), the hole picture seems to escape those boundaries, each part appears to stand out from the canvas. Dada for me was a new beginning and a closure. In free Zurich where the newspapers can say what they want, where magazines were founded and poems against the war read out, here where there were no ration-cards and no ersatz, here we had the possibility of shouting out everything that was filling us fit to burst. Richard Huelsenbeck. During 1922 to 1924, when Dada began to lose their influence, Surrealism was introduced. Painters were creating dream like pictures. Within these paintings one fragment would blend and merge into another and depending on the angle in which one viewed the drawing, the picture on the canvas would change. The same object could have two or more uses within the painting. Architecture has embraced most art movements and Surrealism was not be left out. As was analyzed in the previous paragraph, painting fragments, which had multiple uses, were one of the principles undertaken in this art style. Architects were incorporating two or more in some cases uses to a building, multiple approaches and embeddings. Within this surrealist painting of Dali, different elements accommodated a different story; and in some cases may have more than one role. In the centre of the painting , a female face appears, her eyes are also seashells on the beach, her forehead and nose form a fruit bowl full of pears; on her left hand side there is a dark tunnel with a river, whereas on the left side of the painting, there is mountain with sea waves running down towards the females face. The mountain to the right acts as a dogs head and what seems to be its collar is a bridge; many other such elements are hidden within this painting. These two multi-storey buildings, appear to be dancing. The male (cylindrically shaped building on the right), Fred, is standing next to Ginger (female). Fred seems to be reaching out his right arm to his dancing partner. This concrete structure, relates to the strong nature of a male. On the other hand, Ginger, as a woman, constructed from glass, appears more fragile, just as a woman can be elegant and delicate. Advertisements, comic books, magazines, posters, movies and everything else which portrayed some sort of a commercial image came in fashion; art was now called Pop Art. Although many believe that Pop Art was discovered in America, continuing from the movement of Abstract Expressionism in the 1930s, Pop Art was actually first seen in London. Leader and inventor of this movement was English painter and Collage artist Richard Hamilton. Often called the intellectual father of Pop Art. The Abstract era continues to grow in the United States and in Europe. Op Art, also known as Optical Art is appearing. In the period of the 60s and the 70s, vibration and optical illusions created either by monochrome, images or outstandingly bright coloured pictures consisting of basic geometric shapes were this movements principles. Similarly to optical illusions in Op Art, illusions of such type can be found within the world of architecture; maybe this is not an era called Op Architecture but defiantly architects have been inspired from this particular artistic style; Soon after came minimalism, with Kenneth Noland, Larry Poons and others. Minimalism consisted of simple colours and solid shapes based on geometric forms. Artists would reduce as much of the elements as possible within their work in order for it to appear simple but yet again well worked. Such fragments would be colours, textures and volumes. Architect Mies van der Rohe, adopted the so well know phrase les is more, by developing building designs which consisted of open plan layouts, minimal exteriors etc. Minimalism and Architecture is still a movement that continues to grow. Minimalist architecture comprising of simple volumes and clear lines, which sometimes look very similar to solid geometric shapes, is a style of architecture found all around us. Oil, water colour, charcoal, pen and ink, sculptures and photography are some of the art forms that can be found within the Fine Art department. There are different techniques in which an artist can experiment and develop in order to produce what might be a masterpiece. The French word coller meaning glue is the term used do describes one of those methods. The assembly of different materials, which create a new image, is else known as Collage. One of the first examples that can be related to this motif was found in China and dates from 200 BC, during the invention of paper. It was not until many decades later, in the era of Modern Art and during the Analytical Cubism phase, when Collage was formally introduced. Pablo Picasso and George Braque were the first to bring out the glamour of this technique in the year 1906-07. George Braque was the inventor of collage in Modern Art. He mostly applied this technique on his charcoal drawings. One of the earliest most famous collages was Picas sos Guitar, Sheet Music and Glass. By autumn 1912 it was apparent that Picasso was very interested in the three-dimensional construction of a collage. As in Picassos Violin (pg.4) for one to understand what is portrayed, one should be familiar with the object in question; in this case Guitar, Music sheet and Glass constructed in September 1912, follows the same principle. The rear surface of the collage appears to be a section of flowery wall paper; the shapes in which the other fragments of the collage are cut are very simple and one could say effortless; but the way in which they are arranged together gives the observer a clear impression of the subject. On the left hand side of the collage the body of the guitar is formed from a wood-like cut-out. The blue rectangle next to it reminds us or the neck of the guitar, and below this the white circle resembles the sound hole. A black cut out of a semicircle forms the base. To the right are strips of sheet music and below a newspaper cutting and one of Picassos sketches picturing an abstract view of a wine glass, are the fragments which are used in order to compete the Guitar, Music s heet and Glass collage. Tatlins assembly on the left is a three-dimensional abstract construction. This creates the feeling of anger or fear and is due largely to the materials chosen. Canvas or board paper are replaced by an old wooden board. Industrial materials replace paper cut-outs which are secured by screws instead of glue. The artist, in this case, is not interested in a clean finish, but creating a rougher and more textured result which all add to its beauty. The discovery that the very distinction between flat and volumetric was no longer absolute, that through a process of unprecedented spatial semantic complexity, something deeply unsettling was happening to art.? Picasso started to experiment with his papier collers adding other materials which had a special significance. Cardboard, wood, metal and other textiles were incorporated within his Cubist artworks which were soon characterized as surrealist; In the years to come, several more artists, such as, Vladimir Tatlin, Varvara Stepanova and Alexandr Rodchenko, were producing collages. Newspapers, advertisement strips, magazine parts, photographs were some of the materials used. During the First World War, a young group of artists known as Dada were introduced, and soon became very popular. Dada attempted, in their own artistic way, to protest against what was happening to the world around them. The Dada movement was controversial at the time. They introduced a new art form, the art of expressing, in a more literal way, their thoughts about the disaster of the Great War. Dada meaning Hobby Horse in French, consisted of six members. Hugo Ball, his lover Emmy Hennings, Tristan Tzara, Hans Richter, Marcel Janco and Hans Arp. The group were based in Switzerland and the Dada era was born in 1916 in the city of Zurich. Dadaism did not only produce drawings or paintings; it was an era where all visual and intellectual arts were combined together. They used drawings, paintings, sculptures and poetry. It combined artistic, philosophical, music and political aspects. Hugo Ball would take poems apart and place the words in a random sequence. This recycling words technique and later on the photomontages and collages produced by the Dada group, would make one think that they were not so much inventors but recyclers; On the other hand another member of the group, Hans Arp was concentrating on the visual representation of their protest. Through collages and reliefs he was expressing the need of change. Within those collages, elements of wood, screws and paper can be found. The construction of those art works, were based on the law of change as Arp would say. Coming back to the motif of three-dimensional collages reliefs (page 8, Picasso), the Dada reliefs made this motif obvious. The shape in which the elements of the reliefs were cut was well thought, planned and processed. Sketched beforehand and placed exactly in order to complete the artwork. Usually curved and orientated in a natural like way would be remeniscent of organic cultures and the era of Impressionism. We do not wish to imitate nature; we do not wish t reproduce. We want to produce. We want to produce the way a plant produces its fruit, not depict. We want to produce directly, not indirectly. Since there is not a trace of abstraction in this art we call it concrete art. First collages created by Hans Arp were very minimal and simple. One could say that little effort had gone into creating them. Dadas reliefs are some what different to what one has seen through the history of collage. Shapes cut out from wood in natural forms are stuck one on top of the other. This technique could remind one of the three-dimensional construction of collages during the period of 1912-14 (pg.8). But in the reliefs on the left, an abstract assembly consisting of organic shaped, wooden fragments , painted in pastel colours, give the impression of a playful scene. Maybe one from the deep oceans or a field covered with flowers; Moving away form the notion of three-dimensional construction, Dadas work also consists of papier colles; Rectangles arranged according to the Laws of Change, is one of dadas paper collages; squares and rectangles in two shades of blue are cut and randomly placed on the rear (blue) surface of the collage. No right angles appear anywhere in this piece of artwork, nor in the position in which the paper fragments are placed on the board, nor in the way the elements are cut. Arp was always pleased to work and create art with other artists. In 1916 Arp invented the Fatagaga pictures. Fatagaga was a word which derived from the first syllables of the sentence: Fabrication de Tableaux garantis gazometriques, meaning: production of guaranteed gasometric pictures. Based on this new term, Arp and other artists created the i-drawings. The group continued to express their compassion to the sufferings of the public, but this time their collages, or as they called them, photomontages, were not so simple looking. Dada brought photographs in the papier colles, which pictured human bodies with different heads or objects placed on their forehead in combination with written illustrations, suggesting in their way the political and social exasperation towards the world. With Analytical Cubism, art opened its doors to papier colle, the construction and design of collages. Dada introduced that a collage did not only have to consist of paper and glue, but it could incorporate other materials as well, (wood, photographs, paint etc). Max Ernst said: I had to admit that in most of my collages there was no use for glue; that I am not responsible for the term collage; As the 1920s entered Dada collages formed a big change; collages where now consisting if geometric shapes, well processed and cut. The i-picture on the left, is one of Arps i-drawings. Rectangles and squares with sharp lines and right angles are places adjacent one to the other; in contrary to the Rectangles arranged according to the Laws of Change (pg.11), this collage looks more like a collage an architect would create; well planned and placed fragments in basic colours. Its one of the first times where one sees the illustrations of text within Dada pa co. The letter i is placed in the centre of the collage catching ones attention, from the first glance. The Art Critic (image on the left), moves away from the graphic collages that Dada were concentrating on until the 1920s. The illustrated bright orange rear surface of the collage, gives a new feeling to the whole picture; human forms are introduced with satiric elements. The man body is a different collage fragment to the out of scale head; facial characteristics are exaggerated by the added sketches/doodles representing eyes, lips teeth etc. Part of a shoe on the forehead of the Frankensteins man and a large pen in his right hand, weapon like, add to the style of the collage. On the right a male figure appears through the newspaper cutting on a black and white photograph. A woman looks stunned by the large figure in the centre of the collage. Additional fragments taken from magazines are added to the whole creating a troublesome image. Even though collages and photomontages started to disappear during the surrealist era in Art, there are a few examples for such stylistic papier colles. Max Ernst was one of the most popular surrealist painters in the 1920s. Within his works, numerous collages can be found. By cutting and reorganising sentimental illustrations, surreal collages would make their appearance. Other artists, such as Dali were strongly connected with surrealist collages Dali would play with the observer. He did this in the way in which the fragment of his collages where placed together, he would confuse the observer about what was being viewed, where as what was actually being portrayed was different to what the eye would see. Dalis playful scene of brightly coloured elements consists of both painting and collage; this technique has been seen before with Picassos Guitar, Music Sheet and Glass collage (pg. ). The rear surface of the Accommodations of Desire collage, is painted; this would be separate to the lion heads which are glued on. The collage consists of nine incomplete lions heads and is violent in its suggestions. In the top centre of the collage a sexual scene is suggested, with a naked women and a man standing close to her. Photomontage did not make its official appearance till the First World War and the Dada movement, but there are many examples in the past, dating back as far as the Victorian era to prove that this technique was seen before. German word Montage means fitting, and explains exactly what a photomontage is, the fitting of multiple pictures/photographs together and creating a new image. Million Fox Talbot was one of the people associated with the invention of photography. He would experimented with his photographs, as any individual would when trying to invite something now, such as photography; by placing tree leafs of the photographic plates, it would remind of some sort of photomontage; In those days, without the invention of photographic paper, the photographic plates were reused and must have be well cleaned in order for the next photograph to be taken. By not cleaning the plates whilst taking a new photo, the result would look as if one image had been placed on the other. In this wa y, photomontage was beginning to appear. In this way they would experiment with multiple plates and effects. During the Victorian period, several examples of such experiments can be found. One of the most striking of its time, were the postcards portraying a human body with a different head. With the revival of Pop Art collages and photomontages were brought back to file. Pop Art Daddy, Richard Hamilton was strongly associated with those art motifs. A collage made from photographs or photograph parts is called a photomontage. At the time, for many people Pop Art was difficult era to be understood. The images portrayed in the Pop Art movement were generally seen in other context and individuals had problems embracing the new art form. In 1957 Hamilton defined Pop art as: Popular (designed for a mass audience), Transient (short-term solution), Expendable (easily forgotten), Low cost, Mass production, Young (aimed at youth), Witty, Sexy, Gimmicky, Glamorous and Big business. But Richard Hamilton found different ways in which he engaged the public with his art. His influence of Abstract Art was obvious in his works, which mostly consisted of collages and photomontages. The images used in order for him to produce a collage would have often been seen in other artistic works in the past; but Hamilton would manipulate them and make look unique. One of the first examples in Pop Art and Hamiltons most famous collage / photomontage is Just what makes Todays Homes so Different, so Appealing. In August 1956, an art exhibition opened its doors to the public. The exhibition hearing after the name This is tomorrow, took place in the Whitechapel Art Gallery, in London. The aim of this exhibit was o present new ideas to the public rather to a certain group of people. These new ideas exhibited would accommodate new, exiting and futuristic aspects which were introduced in the everyday life of an individual. For example aspects of Cinema, Comic books, Pop music, Science fiction and even the unforgettable, sexy Merlin Monroe were present; The exhibition was a space surrounded with playful imagery, music and even some shocking aspects which would make the public wonder about what Tomorrow would bring to their lifes; Richard Hamiltons collage Just what makes Todays Homes so Different, so Appealing, was created for the purposes of advertising posters and catalogue for the exhibition. Even though the artwork, consisting if collage and photomontage was only creating for commercial use, it was one of which made the British Artist famous; As mentioned in the side text, Richard Hamilton would recycle work of others, or imagery seen elsewhere; this is quite predictable, as collage can be alternatively described as a way of recycling imagery, text and photographs from other sources; but in this particular example of the collage pictured above [Just what makes Todays Homes so Different, so Appealing ], the title itself is reused; the original quat derives from an advert starting: just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing? Open planning of course and a bold use of colour. all components of the collage are taken from popular 1960s adverts; The rear surface of the collage had been originally seen in the advert for Armstrong floors company floor surface types; the particular image was found in the Ladies Home Journal. Secondly, the young semi naked male, pictured holding a tennis racket, is the famous Irwin Zabo Koszewski, body builder. [photograph taken from Tomorrows Man magazine]. The woman sitting on the sofa at the rear right side of the artwork is believed to be artist Jo Bear. Opposite, on the left side, the element of the staircase accommodating a young female cleaner, was taken from the advertisement of the new, at the time, Constellation model of a hover. The painting / picture, which is hanging on the rear wall if the interior pictured in the collage, Young Romance, is part of an advert in Young Love. Below there is a television; produced be the Stromberg Carson company (1955). But not all the element accommodated within this collage are exactly cut and pasted in order to create this Pop image; Richard Hamilt on has modified certain parts, which without any hesitation contain a secrete meaning within them; in order to make this more clear, the rug, behind the young bodybuilder is actually a blown up image of the Whitley Bay Beach crowed; lastly on the ceiling of the interior, the image of the earth emerges; most probably this photograph is taken from the Life Magazine [September 1955 edition]. There may be different meanings hiding in this collage. But my personal view ion this artwork, is based on the promotion of the perfect home and family. During the period of the 1960s all was based on the visual aspects of life, new elements in the entertainment field of the public culture were been modified and everything was surrounding the new popular and exiting; cinema, magazines with shocking playful and colourful imagery were incorporated in peoples daily routines; Based on the collage Just what makes Todays Homes so Different, so Appealing , I believe that the artist is trying to portray the Perfect couple. A young , hansom, muscular male, with a sexy, beautiful woman by his side; elements of taking care if the physical body condition of both parties are suggested through the element of the tennis racket; Now there is the opportunity for the female to be the lady of the house; economical changes are suggested; now cleaners can be hired to keep the house in its perfect / clean condition and women can start taking care of themselves. Photographs were a major inspiration for Hamilton works; elements of advertising, film, photography, fashion, music, style, mass media, TV etc were always precent in his work. During the 60s R.Hamiltons works took on a more domestic feel. He was portraying interior spaces which were very similar to the scene of a film set. Some would characterise his work ironic, but for Hamilton that was not the case. By applying in his work imagery seen in the wider public and mass media environment, he addressed a problem which the outside world was facing and at the same time he would picture its possible solution. Hamilton explained in 1968: One wasnt just concerned with a car and the idea of speed but [with] the way it was presented o us in the mass media presenting a glamorous object by all the devices that glamorous advertising can add. The Pop paintings are anthologies of the mechanics of visualisation. Maybe it is not only about the entrainment and the economical but also about the political changes taking place at the time; women are becoming more important and have a say in different important matters; every home should accommodate the newest designs of furniture and electrical facilities; (TV, Hoover, Tape recorder) The perfect home sheltering the perfect couple The images of the earth on the ceiling of the interior may suggest that even in such a house, with all its fashionable and great conditions, it is actually what everyone feels within it; our house is our world; American, visual artist, Christian Marclay, concentrates on exploring the connections that may exist between music, sound and photography. He transforms sound into visual and physical form; this is represented by video, photography, sculpture etc. One of Christian Marclays projects was the Body Mix Series (1991). The project consisted of several album covers, which were collaged in such a way, in which a whole new image immerged through the stitched together pictures. One of those Frankenstein images, named Doorsiana, consisted of six different covers, one of which was the face of Jim Morrison and Diana Rosss left arm, in connection with several other albums. Seliger: It seems that from the start your work has always had a lot to do with collage, both in performance and with the objects. Marclay: Yes. Ive always used found objects, images and sounds, and collaged them together, and tried to create something new and different with what was available. To be

Violence In The Media :: essays research papers

The Effects of Violence on TV Did you hear about the recent Jonesboro shootings in America where an 11-year-old and a 13-year-old shot down and killed four school mates and a teacher? The outrage has been put down to many things including exposure to violence in the media and computer games. Television authorities will tell you that TV doesn't breed murderers, and to some extent it is true, but the fantasy violence on TV and computer games is enough to tip a blood-drenched fantasy or perhaps a gruesome dream of revenge into an irreversible act of reality. The debate over the effects of violence in the media and computer games has been going on for quite some time, but it was only in 1997 that it reached significant status just after the killing of an 11 year old boy by a 14-year-old in Japan. The 11-year-old was decapitated and his head placed on the school fence. The idea supposedly came from a form of media or computer game. This lead to the investigations of the so-called "Nintendo generation", a generation so focused around computer games and television that reality is no longer easy to distinguish from fantasy and abnormality. Professor Fukaya of the New York Times says "They haven't been growing up with real feelings, living with real friends, or with real nature." Figures show that one in four British children has their own VCR and uses it to record s-rated films late at night. X-rated films are not the problem. The problem is that the films are x-rated for a reason and this reason is that they are not designed for children's ever believing eyes. Figures also show that they are very damaging, not least because of the desensitising more sex and violence has on children's minds. The rampage in 1987 by a sacked mail man put the term 'going postal' into the American vocabulary, meaning: a murderous rage. Since then a computer game has been made, although it is banned in Australia demo's are available on the internet. The game POSTAL, involves a series of massacres, including a school ground shooting. The player has to try and stalk as many school kids as possible and then shoot them. Then they have the chance to either listen to their plees for mercy of ignore them and finish them off for extra points. So the object of the game is to kill as many people as possible.

Changes in the environment Essay

The changes in environment that people in space experience also mean changes in significant cues. For example, there is the absence of a fixed horizon that is expected to reduce the efficiency of a person’s perceptions of shape, distance, location and motion (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). The noise aspect is also considered as a human factor particularly in the design of habitat (Special Issue on the International Workshop on Human Factors in Space, 2000). One of the critical requirements in space is the ability of people to communicate with each other. There are noise exposure limits that are established because outside Earth, even low levels, especially when it is intermittent noise, can affect the communication system and human performance especially in complex tasks. Noise also causes fatigue, distraction, irritation and aggressiveness which are already under the scope of psychology but nonetheless, far from what are needed by the people in space (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). The humans must be able to acclimatize themselves to changes in pressure associated with space travel. Because humans are used to atmosphere with 21% oxygen at sea level, equipment and traveling environment are adjusted to maintain an equivalent partial pressure that would sustain life. Pressure values vary from person to person depending on his or her degree of acclimatization to altitude. As a rule, people who are accustomed to higher altitude require less total pressure compared to people who are not accustomed to higher altitude. The partial pressure for normal people who work in space are usually maintained above 152 mm Hg while those who are not accustomed to such environment must maintain a total pressure above 417 mm Hg (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). Psychology The management of human’s psychological state in space is indeed a part of NASA’s standards. â€Å"Human factors research and technology will also ensure that interpersonal interactions are planned maintain a healthy and constructive attitude, thus enhancing productivity and mission success among an international culturally-diverse crew (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). † This implies an assumption that metal and psychological performance and human interactions could have a very significant role in the success of an exploration. Conclusion With the advent of space age, the human factors research contributes significantly especially to the present knowledge in flight, which involves the participation of humans. Success in space missions would be doubtful without consideration of the human factors to which any mission’s success or failure depends. References Brown, D. L. , DeVilbiss, C. A. , Ercoline, W. R. , and Yauch, D.W. (2000). Post-roll Effects on Attitude Perception: The Gillingham Illusion. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 71, 489-495. Bungo, M. W. , & Johnson, P. C. (1983). Cardiovascular Eexaminations and Oobservations of Deconditioning Dduring the Space Shuttle Orbital Flight Test Program. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 54, 1001-1004. Davis J. R. (1999). Medical Issues for a Mission to Mars. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 70, 162-168. Ercoline, W. R. , Freeman, J. E. , Gillingham, K. K. , and Lyons, T. J. (1994). Classification Problems of US Air Force Spatial Disorientation Accidents, 1989-91. † Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Vol 65, 147-152. Gander P. H, Myhre G, Graeber R. C, Andersen H. T, and Lauber J. K. (1989). Adjustment of Sleep and the Circadian Temperature Rhythm After Flights Across Nnine Time Zones. † Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 60 (8), 733 ¬-743. Human factors. (2007). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 April 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Human_factors&oldid=121814170. Man-Systems Integration Standards (2006). NASA, Vol. 1. Retrieved 9 April 2007 from http://msis. jsc. nasa. gov/sections/section01. htm. Miller (n. d. ). Physical Deconditioning During Prolonged Space Flight. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base: Texas. Partners in Space. (2005). European Commission. Retrieved 08 April 2007 from http://ec. europa. eu/research/conferences/2005/esw/conference/partners/article_2004_en. htm. Patton JF, Duggan A. (1987). An evaluation of tests of anaerobic power. Aviation Space Environ Med. Vol. 58, 237-42. President Bush Announces New Vision for Space Exploration Program. (2004). The White House: Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved 8 April 2007 from http://www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040114-3. html. Sacknoff, S. (2005). State of the Space Industry. International Space Business Council, 1-887022-15-5, 56. Sinha. (2002). â€Å"The effect of a 5-day space flight on the immature rat spine. † The Spine Journal, Vol. 2 (4), 239-243. Special Issue on the International Workshop on Human Factors in Space. (2000). Aviation, Space & Environmental Medicine Journal. 71: Section II. Stern, R. M. , Hu, S. , Anderson, R. B. , Leibowitz, H. W. and Koch, K. L. (1990). â€Å"The effects of fixation and restricted visual field on vection-induced motion sickness. † Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 61 (8), 712-715. The Human Advantage. (2003). NASA. Retrieved 8 April 2007 from http://liftoff. msfc. nasa. gov/news/2003/news-human. asp. Vogel, J. M. , & Whittle, M. W. (1976). Bone mineral changes: The second manned Skylab mission. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 47, 396-400.

George H. W. Bush Biography

George Herbert Walker Bush (1924-2018) was the 41st President of the United States. He was born on June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts. He was an oil businessman and politician who served as Texas Congressman, Ambassador to the United Nations, CIA director, Vice President, and as the 41st President of the United States. He died on November 30, 2018, at the age of 94. Fast Facts: George H.W. Bush Known For: 41st president of the U.S., enlisted in World War II at the age of 18 and became the youngest aviator at the time, founded his own oil company in Texas and became a millionaire by the age of 40, U.S. congressman from Texas’ 7th District from 1967 to 1971, Ambassador to the United Nations, and director of the Central Intelligence Agency.Born: June 12, 1924Died: November 30, 2018Term in Office: January 20, 1989 - January 20, 1993Education: Graduated from Yale University with a degree in economicsSpouse: Barbara Bush (nee Pierce)Children: George W. Bush,  43rd President of the U.S.; Pauline Robinson (Robin) who died at age three; John F. Jeb Bush, Governor of Florida (1999-2007);  Neil M. Bush; Marvin P. Bush; and Dorothy W. Doro Bush Family Ties and Marriage George H. W. Bush was born to Prescott S. Bush, a wealthy businessman and Senator, and Dorothy Walker Bush. He had three brothers, Prescott Bush, Jonathan Bush, and William Buck Bush and one sister, Nancy Ellis. On January 6, 1945, Bush married  Barbara Pierce. They had been engaged before he went off to serve in World War II. When he returned from the war in late 1944, Barbara dropped out of Smith College. They were married two weeks after his return. Together, they had four sons and two daughters: George W. (43rd President of the U.S.), Pauline Robinson (who died at age three), John F. Jeb Bush (former governor of Florida),  Neil M. Bush, Marvin P. Bush, and Dorothy W. Doro Bush. At the time of Barbara’s death on April 17, 2018, she and George H. W. had been married for 73 years, making them the longest-married presidential couple in U.S. history. Of his beloved Barbara, Bush once wrote: â€Å"I have climbed perhaps the highest mountain in the world, but even that cannot hold a candle to being Barbaras husband.† George Bushs Military Service Before going to college, Bush signed up to join the navy and fight in World War II. He rose to the level of lieutenant. He was a navy pilot, flying 58 combat missions in the Pacific. He was injured bailing out of his burning aircraft during a mission and was rescued by a submarine. Life and Career Before the Presidency Bush came from a wealthy family and attended private schools. After high school, he joined the Navy to fight in World War II before going to Yale University. He graduated from Yale with honors in 1948, earning a degree in economics. Bush began his career right out of college working in the oil industry in Texas and created a lucrative career for himself. He became active in the Republican Party. In 1967, he won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1971, he was U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. He served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee (1973-74). He was the chief liaison to China under President Ford. From 1976 to 1977, he served as the director of the CIA. From 1981 to 1989, he served as Vice President under Reagan. Becoming the President Bush gained the nomination in 1988 to run for president and chose Dan Quayle to run as his vice president. He was opposed by Democrat Michael Dukakis. The campaign was extremely negative and centered around attacks instead of plans for the future. Bush won with 54 percent of the popular vote and 426 out of 537 electoral votes. George Bush’s Presidency Much of George Bushs attention was focused  on foreign policies. Invasion of Panama (1989): Codenamed Operation Just Cause, the invasion was the result of continuing dissatisfaction with the actions of general and dictator Manuel Noriega. His side lost the election but refused to step down. Because of U.S. interests in the canal zone and Noriega’s shifting allegiance to the Soviet Union, Bush sent troops into Panama to depose General Manuel Noriega in December 1989. Noriega was heavily involved in drug trafficking. The attack was a success, with Noriega removed from power.Persian Gulf War (1990-91):  Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi forces invaded and occupied Kuwait in August of 1990. Other Middle Eastern states, such as Egypt and Saudi Arabia, became alarmed and called on the U.S. and other allies to assist. From January to February 1991, a U.S.-led coalition fought and defeated the Iraqi forces in Kuwait.  This action was given the name Desert Storm. When the Iraqi forces were removed from Kuwait, Bush stopped all military activity and did not pursue deposing Saddam Hussein. Bush’s handling of the invasion in Kuwait is often considered to have been his greatest presidential success.From 1990 to 1991, the Soviet Union began breaking up as the Communist Party let go of its stranglehold on the country. The Berlin Wall came down in 1990.Economically, Bush boxed himself into a corner with his campaign promise Read my lips: No new taxes. However, he was required to sign  a bill into law  to raise taxes to try and reduce the deficit.Savings and Loan bailout (1989): At the time, the savings and loan bailout of 1989 was considered to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Bush signed into law a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹bailout plan paid for by taxpayers.Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska (1989): The oil tanker hit Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound on March 23rd and subsequently lost 10.8 million gallons of oil. The disaster was further compounded by slow emergency response and impacted over 1,300 miles of co astline.Clean Air Act (1990): President Bush officially added his support to the Clean Air Act, hastening its long-delayed passage in Congress.Daily Point of Light Award (1990): Bush created the Daily Point of Light Award to recognize ordinary Americans for taking voluntary action to solve serious social problems in the communities. Over the course of his presidency, Bush recognized 1,020 Daily Points of Light award recipients representing all 50 states who had worked to address problems ranging from childhood AIDS to adult illiteracy and from gang violence to homelessness. Today, the Points of Light organization continues to award Daily Point of Light recognition annually. The 5,000th Daily Point of Light Award was awarded by President Barack Obama on July 15, 2013.Americans with Disabilities Act (1990): The ADA was a  civil rights law designed to grant similar protections as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to people with disabilities. Life After the Presidency After losing the 1992 election to Bill Clinton, Bush largely retired from public service. When his eldest son, George W. Bush, won the presidency in 2000, Bush Sr. made frequent public appearances in support of his son and many political and social causes. In 2005, he joined with former President Clinton to raise funds for the victims of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the Gulf Coast region in 2005. In a matter of months, the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund raised more than $100 million in donations. In 2011, President Barack Obama honored Bush by awarding him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.   Death Suffering from Parkinsons disease since 2012, Bush died at his home in Houston, Texas on November 30, 2018, at age 94. In a statement issued from the G20 summit in Buenos Aires, President Donald Trump praised Bush’s leadership and accomplishments. â€Å"Through his essential authenticity, disarming wit, and unwavering commitment to faith, family, and country, President Bush inspired generations of his fellow Americans to public service  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  to be, in his words, ‘a thousand points of light,’† the statement read in part. Former President George H.W. Bush is buried on the grounds of the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas, next to Barbara and their daughter Robin, who died at age three. Historical Significance Bush was president when the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union fell apart. He sent troops into Kuwait to help fight Iraq and Saddam Hussein in the first Persian Gulf War. In 1989, he also ordered the removal of General Noriega from power in Panama by sending in troops. George H W Bush Quotes Appeasement does not work. As was the case in the 1930s, we see in  Saddam Hussein  an aggressive dictator threatening his neighbors. â€Å"I think the 24-hour news cycle has helped exaggerate the differences between the parties. You can always find someone on TV somewhere carping about something. That didnt happen 20 years ago.† â€Å"I do not like broccoli. And I havent liked it since I was a little kid and my mother made me eat it. And Im President of the United States and Im not going to eat any more broccoli.† Sources Home. George H.W. Bush Presidential Library Center. Home. Points of Life, 2019. Trump, Donald. President Trump message on the death of former President George H.W. Bush. U.S. Embassy Consulates in Italy, December 1, 2018.

Bipolar Essay - 2455 Words

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a common, recurrent, and debilitating mood disorder which causes extreme shifts in energy and mood. The word bipolar indicates the two main polar extremes which a person with the disorder experiences. According to NIMH, a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that oversees neurological and psychological research, this disorder affects about 2.3 million adults in the United States and about 1.2 percent of the population worldwide. The first signs of this disorder usually appear in adolescence and early adulthood, with cases seldom occuring in childhood. No findings have been made to indicate a difference in frequency among those of differing race or ethnicity. Bipolar†¦show more content†¦The two week period during a major depressive episode is arguably the most dangerous time for people who suffer from bipolar disorder because it is the time when the vast majority of them contemplate death. This can range fr om the idea of suicide without any specific plan to an actual suicide attempt. These episodes are usually not diagnosed when the same symptoms could be connected with the recent loss of a loved one or some other traumatic experience. Usually speaking, people with bipolar will usually be depressed far more often than they are manic. A mixed episode, also known as a dysphoric manic episode, is a combination of depressive and manic symptoms, such as agitation, change in appetite, difficulty sleeping, and suicidal thinking. Severe depression or agitation in this state can also be accompanied by symptoms of psychosis. These symptoms include delusions and hallucinations. Bipolar individuals often describe these episodes as ‘sad mania. This episode is the one most commonly seen in children. Though not uncommon, mixed episodes are not widely recognized. Studies show that only 40 percent of people who have both manic symptoms and a sufficient number of depressive symptoms are diagnosed as being in a mixed depressive and manic state. Studies have also shown that suicidal thoughts are greatly increased in people while in a mixed state. Its treatment has not beenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Bipolar1335 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder Introduction to Psychology November 29,2012 Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity, and the ability to function on a daily basis. People in general have many different mood swings, but someone who has bipolar disorder has severe mood swings that may cause damage to personal relationships, job performance, and the ability to function in school. Diagnosing bipolar disorder can be difficultRead MoreEssay Bipolar Disorder1447 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness affects about 1.2 percent of the U.S. population (8). It is defined by fluctuating states of depression and mania throughout ones life. Those who are depressed may be restless, irritable, have slowed thinking or speech, decreased sexual activity, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, suicidal thoughts as well as other changes. Those in a manic state may have increased activity or energy, more thoughts and faster thinkingRead MoreBipolar Disorder Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder, also commonly referred to as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual and heightened swings in a person’s mood, energy level, and ability to function. 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BipolarRead More Bipolar Disorder and the Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar Disorder and the War on Drugs Bipolar disorder, also known as, manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that results in unusual shifts in a persons mood, energy, and ability to function. More than two million American adults (or, about one per cent of the population aged eighteen and older in any given year) are afflicted by this affective disorder (1). Yet, because it cannot be revealed by a blood test or other physiological means, patients may suffer for years before it isRead MoreEssay on Bipolar Disorder 1279 Words   |  6 PagesMental illness comes in many forms one of the most prevalent forms facing people today is depression. The realm of depression encompasses many different types and forms, some of these are, Seasonal Affect Disorder commonly called SAD, Bipolar Disorder, Postpartum, Chronic Depression, and situational depression to name a few. 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In this phase, people find me very charismatic I also love myself and others and am very creativeRead MoreEssay on Bipolar Disorder1556 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar Disorder The aspect of bipolar disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. It was rumored that Vincent Van Gough suffered from bipolar disorder. There is a large group of people suffering from this disorder, however there are no causes or cures for it. Bipolar disorder impairs one’s ability to obtain and sustain social and occupational success. The journey for even a cause will continue for many years to come. Affective disorders are characterized by a depressed

Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery - 994 Words

Other failures related to cosmetic plastic surgery are often linked to the use of Botox. For instance, e all know or have seen this one person who has received an excess of Botox injections and ended up having unnaturally, protruding cheeks. Although using Botox is nonsurgical, it is still classified as cosmetic plastic surgery because it restrains our muscles from carrying out any movement. Many people believe that since this process does not involve cutting through a patient’s skin, it does entail as much danger as surgical operations. Researchers claim the opposite. Less commonly known as botulism neurotoxin, Botox is a toxin produced by a bacterium. Contact with this bacterium can actually cause the person to contract a fatal disease called botulism. Poupard expressed his concern in his work, â€Å"The same chemical that caused a dreaded disease is now used to paralyze completely healthy and functioning facial muscles and is the most common minimally invasive cosmetic pro cedure performed today.† Are we voluntarily putting our lives in peril simply for the sake of smoothing out unpleasant wrinkles? Has our society become too consumed by image and appearance that we have come to this point where we would do anything to become a tad prettier? Even more frightening is the fact that this medical field is largely unregulated, especially in the United States. Friedman clarifies, â€Å"†¦Any licensed physician can perform plastic surgery, and – in some states – even dentists are allowed toShow MoreRelatedPlastic Surgery : Cosmetic And Cosmetic Surgery879 Words   |  4 PagesI) Definition Cosmetic and plastic surgery According to the merriam-Webster website, plastic surgery is another common word for Cosmetic Surgery which means, in general, a type of operation to improve parts of the body. The medical term of Plastic Surgery comes from Greek in 1638. Cosmetic is a type of ornamental surgery which helps patients to reform and rebuild part or demonstrative of their body in order to embellish their appearance and be beautiful. The defect for that could be congenitalRead MorePlastic Surgery And Cosmetic Surgery1496 Words   |  6 PagesPlastic surgery has become an extremely popular trend throughout the past years of the American culture. There are many reasons why people get plastic surgery, however, our society is the first to judge an individual for getting a procedure done. The controversy regarding plastic surgery is extremely relevant and has received major attention through celebrities, television, and social media. However, many individuals are unaware that there is a difference between bot h plastic surgery and cosmeticRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery2001 Words   |  9 Pages In most sources about cosmetic surgery, they explain the good or bad about it and also give examples of people that have gone through cosmetic surgery. For most people that go through cosmetic surgery, it takes around 6 months for the swelling to go down and for most of the scars to heal and begin to go away. 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People are spending billions on achieving the perfect body and face, and they feel good about it. They say it makes them more confident and now they can get rid of all their problems. People find cosmetic surgery more appealing than therapy. And think that plastic surgery has more finer results than therapy. It has been taken as the new trend. And you will find people of allRead MorePlastic Surgery And Cosmetic Surgery2042 Words   |  9 PagesPlastic Surgery In today’s culture, plastic surgery has become very popular in this society. When people think of plastic surgery, they think of cosmetic surgery. Although both plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery deal with enhancing a person’s body, the training, research, and the goals for patients are different. Therefore, both specialties are entirely different from one another. 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New Product Development Silver Shark Inc. Company

Question: Discuss about the New Product Development for Silver Shark Inc. Company. Answer: New Product Development: Silver Shark Inc. Company Overview of Silver Shark Company Silver Shark is known to be the designer, manufacturer and marketer of mobile communication devices, portable digital multimedia contents (audio and video), and personal computers. Silver Shark also sells other several related peripherals, softwares, networking solutions, services, and third party digital content and some various applications that it makes. Silver Shark offers include, iPhone handsets, iPad portable multimedia, iPods line that is known to have portable video players and digital players. The company has its main headquarters in South Africa, in Cape Town. Opportunity Identified by the Company Silver Shark has recently identified some opportunities in other parts of Africa. Word about its high quality products has spread all over and now its products are in very high demand in many parts. There is a good opportunity because recent research indicates there so much technological advancements and economic growth around Africa meaning that so many people are capable of purchasing the company products. The companys target market encompasses consumers, educators, creative professionals and students around the African continent. The company has successfully managed to come up with a huge world following that has prompted a sustained demand of its products (Crawford Benedetto, 2014). Silver Shark Company Vision In its vision, the company believes that it is in the world to make great excellent products and that its not going to change it. The company also emphasizes that its only constantly focused on innovation of new quality products. The company believes in deep cross-pollination and collaboration of its different groups. This allows Silver Shark to innovate in ways that the other companies cannot. Silver Shark Company Mission Silver Shark company is always committed to giving its customers the best personal computing exposure and experience especially to the creative professionals, educators and the students by innovating great excellent products like the softwares, internet offers, and hardwares. Silver Shark Product Concept. A product concept can be defined as the main core objective or purpose of a particular service or product, its promise and uniqueness in meeting the unmet expectations of the clients. Silver Sharks concept statement gives a factual summary of its products benefits and goes ahead to even differentiate from its other competitors. However, one challenge that has for long been associated with the product concept of different companies is that these product concepts sometimes result to myopia when it comes to marketing. Silver Sharks product concept is mainly based on two concepts and they include (Kahn, 2012). Customer Satisfaction concept Customer satisfaction is considered to be the most important concept to all the companies. It gives business owners together with the marketers a good metric where they are able to improve and manage their business operations effectively. There are several reasons as to why customer satisfaction is seen to be vital to many companies around the world and they encompass; customer satisfaction reduces negative perceptions about the company; leads to consumer lifetime value; it is known to be the main point of differentiation; it enables the company to even acquire new purchasers; it is seen as an indicator of the customer repurchase of the new products from the customer. Silver Shark focuses on the satisfaction of its clients by producing high quality products that are user friendly and of high quality. Production of High Quality Products Product quality can be viewed as a way of understanding how the products provided by the manufacturers have more selling capabilities and also to make sure that the same products are not also offered by other competitors. However, caution must be taken because a company may end up producing high quality products that are not really needed by the consumers in the market. By maintaining the high quality of its products, Silver Shark has successfully managed to establish itself in the technological market world. It is praised for its excellent products around the world by many of its clientele base (Karol Nelson, 2007). Recommendations for the best concept Customer Satisfaction From my own point of view, I strongly believe that the most important concept between these two is the concept on satisfaction of customers. It is very clear that customers play a major significant role when it comes to the processes in different companies. The customers are always the first priority to be considered before any organizational structures and strategies are even put in place. Some of the questions that are often asked in any strategic planning may range from, who is going to consume the product? Where are these people that are going to consume the product? and finally will they be fully satisfied. Segmentation of the markets, designing of the product and finally creation of awareness about the product is only done after these questions have gotten some answers. This clearly shows and tells us how significant the concept of customer satisfaction is to the companies. Silver Shark Company Strategy There is really no doubt that Silver Sharks product strategy is by innovating high quality products that appeal to its customers. The company calls this strategy as the excellent product strategy. The company for many years ever since its inception has continued to hold on to its higher standards of quality products. The company has refused to be like other product manufacturers who only pack products that are always full of chock-full features. Even though these chock-full products may seem to be impressively advanced, most of them are known to be complicated when being operated in simple terms; they are not really user friendly. When it comes to packaging of its products, Silver Shark cannot be said to be lacking in this. The company is praised for being the only company that gives simple and clean but yet functional packaging of its products that is clearly evident from its satisfied customers who have praised it for that (Olsen, 2015). Silver Sharks excellent strategy is known to also center on quality over quantity. This clearly shows us that the company is only focused on selected products and will always continue to improve them rather than deciding to branch out so as to come up with other different products. According to research, it has been discovered that anything that strikes an impression in ones consciousness is often expected to have a lasting impression on the individual. Silver Shark has always endeavored to make its brands more synonymous. Due to the major role that todays technology plays in ones lifestyle, passion, innovation, and the human natures innate want to poses a small measure of control or even much more power, the company has capitalized on this to give people what they really want. The company products have given to people a sense of control over their lifestyle through the integration of the concepts of convenience and simplicity. The company has magnificently created a connection with its clients around the world that can only be defined in better terms as intimate Technical concepts of Silver Shark Over the years, Silver Shark has firmly established itself among consumers and designers alike with its major product logo of an eagle. This logo has inspired many other imaginative and even more stunning product concepts. Designers, artists, and even its fans have attempted to invent both whimsical and practical Silver Shark devices. These whimsical devices have sometimes been thought to resemble future products; sometimes they are taken to be even very strange. This clearly proves how people really love and trust the Silver Shark products. Silver Shark Marketing feasibility Silver Shark feasibility study mainly focuses on helping them to answer some essential questions like whether the company should proceed with a particular proposed project idea or not. All its operation activities are always directed at answering these questions. The company has always been using these feasibility studies to mainly focus on its proposed business ventures. It is very imperative for all companies that have business ideas to first of all conduct a thorough feasibility study so as to know the real viability of their business idea in the market before they can start doing any business development on the idea. Early determination of the success or failure of a particular business can help companies in saving money, time and future heartaches. A company that is able to withstand the risks it faces, generate enough profits and cash flow, remain stronger in the long term and also meets the main goals of its founders is said to be the best feasible business venture (Reinertsen , 2009). In the recent past, several products by other companies that compete with Silver Shark have been rejected and criticized by many consumers around the world. It is reported these consumers have been feeling more and more disgruntled with the operating systems of the other companies due to their lack of new features and innovation. Rapid innovation of different products by these companies has turned out to be a bigger problem. Some of the products that these companies innovate have been marked as experimental in the business market rather than being taken as serious products. This has made these products to even have a shorter shelf life and there is no doubt that sooner than later they will be taken away from the market. For this reason, it is very important for all companies that have a record of following product concepts to put all their energy and efforts in using technology so as to produce excellent quality products to attract an optimum client satisfaction. Role Silver Sharks product design team has always been thinking of many ways of manufacturing and designing the companys new products. However, Silver Shark does not have unlimited assets and resources that can able it to explore other multiple design approaches for its products. Silver Shark Company has always focused on getting its products launched as soon as possible. The companys product statement alone has been one way of bringing purpose, clarity to its products, cohesion and the developmental process. Components Silver Sharks product concept statement has a headline that has been praised for grabbing its customers attention, the reasons and benefits of why its customers must believe in its excellent quality products. For instance, some of its product headlines include, best value in the market today and fastest selling product in the market. Under the headlines, the company has outlined the main benefits of its products to the potential customers. For instance, the company markets its computer systems as having lower power consumption and also has a more superior performance. The companys final concept statement explains the reasons for its customers to believe in its products such as the quality of its ingredients and its product technical specifications. When it comes to its computers, Silver Shark, talks about specifications like the monitor, hard disk and the processing speed. Silver Shark Success Factors According to research, excellent concept statements have always proven to evoke feelings and moods. Such concepts although are explicit when stating the main purpose of the product, they most of the time let the reader to visualize the benefits of the product. An excellent concept statement uses a language that is simple void of any technical jargon. Silver Sharks concepts have always been realistic and clear. Considerations Silver Sharks tests its products and its accompanying statements before launching them in the market for consumers. The company has always done carried out thorough market research, as it is the only accurate way to guarantee it the potential customers acceptance. This has continually helped the company to track the consumer buying changes and behaviors when it comes to consumer preferences. The only way of influencing such a consumer buying behavior is by having the best concept statement (Trott,2012). Silver Sharks Idea Generation and Screening Any new product in the market must always start as an idea. Silver Sharks ideas most of the times are known to originate from the brainstorming sessions by its experts. Other ideas of the company normally come up as a direct response to the needs of its customers from the market or sometimes when the company wants to counter a competitor product. The companys ideas normally go through a screening process so as to take all the quality ideas. Such a screening process encompasses different general projections like profitability, market reception of the product and the cost (Olsen, 2015). Silver Shark Concept Development/Testing Silver Sharks concept testing and development phase aims to gauge its customers reaction to its overall idea on its new products. Many big companies are for using focus teams in collection of data on whether the consumers will buy their products and also how regular they are likely to buy and also know their acceptable price levels. Some of the smaller businesses are said to be using focus teams, though these teams are most of the time not actually formal. Though the questions in small companies might be informal, most of the time they yield positive valuable results (Crawford Benedetto, 2014). Silver Shark Analysis The companys new ideas have always been known to survive the testing phase and developmental concept. This has made it possible now for the company to come up with a formal analysis of all its new products viability. To be precise, analysis includes a companys expected profit margin and the production costs together with the total market size of its products. All companies are always advised to weigh the position of their product in the business market. Conclusion It is estimated that more than 27% of all new product ideas mostly emanate from either listening or watching the customers reaction towards particular products. Silver Shark uses such information to improve the acceptability percentage of its products by its loyal customers around the world. This is what has distinguished it from all the other companies that do not really pay so much attention to the needs of the clients. References Cooper, R. G. (2011). Winning at New Products: Creating Value Through Innovation. Cooper, R. G., Edgett, S. J. (2009). Lean,Rapid and Profitable New Product Development. Crawford, C. M., Benedetto, C. A. (2014). New Products Management. Kahn, K. B. (2012). The PDMA Handbook of New Product Development. Karol, R., Nelson, B. (2007). New Product Development For Dummies. Olsen, D. (2015). The Lean Product Playbook: How to Innovate with Minimum Viable Products and Rapid Customer Fedddback. Reinertsen, D. G. (2009). The Principles of Product Development Flow: Second Generation Lean Product Development. Trott, P. Innovation Management New Product Development (5th ed.). Bibliography Alvarez. (2014). Lean Customer Development: Building Products Your Customers Will Buy. Ries, Eric. (2011). The Lean Startup: How Todays Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses.